Solana 投票 DApp 开发实战：从合约到部署的完整指南
·
10min
·
Paxon Qiao
Table of Contents
Solana 投票 DApp 开发实战：从合约到部署的完整指南
Solana 以其高性能和低成本的特点，正吸引着越来越多的开发者进入其生态。而 Anchor 框架的出现，更是极大地降低了 Solana 智能合约的开发门槛。但对于许多初学者来说，如何将零散的知识点串联起来，完成一个从无到有的完整项目，仍然是一个挑战。
在本文中，我们将一起从零开始，以一个经典的“链上投票”应用为目标，使用强大的 Anchor 框架来完成这个任务。我们将依次经历以下几个阶段：
- 环境准备与项目初始化
- 智能合约（程序）的详细实现与讲解
- 编写并运行覆盖正反场景的全面测试脚本
- 编译、部署合约到 Solana 开发网络并进行链上验证
最终，你将拥有一个部署在公链上、可以通过区块浏览器验证的 DApp。无论你是希望转型的 Web2 开发者，还是对 Web3 充满好奇的学习者，相信这篇详尽的实战文章都能为你点亮 Solana 开发的技能树。
本文以一个链上投票 DApp 为例，完整演示了 Solana 开发全流程。你将跟随本指南，使用 Anchor 框架亲手完成项目创建、合约编写、单元测试与最终的链上部署。文章详尽记录了每一步操作与关键代码，是入门 Solana 不可错过的端到端实战教程。
实操
创建项目
anchor init voting
yarn install v1.22.22
info No lockfile found.
[1/4] 🔍 Resolving packages...
info There appears to be trouble with your network connection. Retrying...
info There appears to be trouble with your network connection. Retrying...
warning mocha > glob@7.2.0: Glob versions prior to v9 are no longer supported
warning mocha > glob > inflight@1.0.6: This module is not supported, and leaks memory. Do not use it. Check out lru-cache if you want a good and tested way to coalesce async requests by a key value, which is much more comprehensive and powerful.
[2/4] 🚚 Fetching packages...
[3/4] 🔗 Linking dependencies...
[4/4] 🔨 Building fresh packages...
success Saved lockfile.
✨ Done in 29.40s.
Failed to install node modules
提示： 使用 'master' 作为初始分支的名称。这个默认分支名称可能会更改。要在新仓库中
提示： 配置使用初始分支名，并消除这条警告，请执行：
提示：
提示： git config --global init.defaultBranch <名称>
提示：
提示： 除了 'master' 之外，通常选定的名字有 'main'、'trunk' 和 'development'。
提示： 可以通过以下命令重命名刚创建的分支：
提示：
提示： git branch -m <name>
提示：
提示： Disable this message with "git config set advice.defaultBranchName false"
已初始化空的 Git 仓库于 /Users/qiaopengjun/Code/Solana/voting/.git/
voting initialized
切换到项目目录并用cursor 打开项目
cd voting
cc # open -a cursor .
查看项目目录结构
voting on master [!?] via ⬢ v23.11.0 via 🦀 1.88.0
➜ tree . -L 6 -I "migrations|mochawesome-report|.anchor|docs|target|node_modules"
.
├── Anchor.toml
├── app
├── Cargo.lock
├── Cargo.toml
├── cliff.toml
├── idls
│ └── voting
│ └── voting-2025-07-18-093219.json
├── Makefile
├── package.json
├── pnpm-lock.yaml
├── programs
│ └── voting
│ ├── Cargo.toml
│ ├── src
│ │ └── lib.rs
│ └── Xargo.toml
├── tests
│ └── voting.ts
├── tsconfig.json
18 directories, 37 files
实现程序（合约） lib.rs
#![allow(unexpected_cfgs, deprecated)]
use anchor_lang::prelude::*;
declare_id!("Doo2arLUifZbfqGVS5Uh7nexAMmsMzaQH5zcwZhSoijz");
#[program]
pub mod voting {
use super::*;
// 初始化投票活动
pub fn initialize_poll(
ctx: Context<InitializePoll>,
name: String,
description: String,
start_time: u64,
end_time: u64,
) -> Result<()> {
let poll_account = &mut ctx.accounts.poll_account;
poll_account.name = name;
poll_account.description = description;
poll_account.start_time = start_time;
poll_account.end_time = end_time;
poll_account.authority = ctx.accounts.signer.key();
poll_account.candidates = Vec::new();
// 关键修复：使用专门的计数器，避免 Vec.len() 的解释错误
poll_account.candidate_count = 0;
Ok(())
}
// 添加候选人
pub fn add_candidate(ctx: Context<AddCandidate>, candidate_name: String) -> Result<()> {
require_keys_eq!(
ctx.accounts.poll_account.authority,
ctx.accounts.signer.key(),
ErrorCode::Unauthorized
);
let poll_account = &mut ctx.accounts.poll_account;
let candidate_account = &mut ctx.accounts.candidate_account;
// 检查专门的计数器，而不是 Vec.len()
require!(
poll_account.candidate_count < 15,
ErrorCode::MaxCandidatesReached
);
candidate_account.name = candidate_name;
candidate_account.poll = poll_account.key();
candidate_account.votes = 0;
poll_account.candidates.push(candidate_account.key());
// 在成功添加后，手动增加计数器
poll_account.candidate_count += 1;
Ok(())
}
// 投票
pub fn vote(ctx: Context<Vote>) -> Result<()> {
let clock = Clock::get()?;
let poll_account = &ctx.accounts.poll_account;
let candidate_account = &mut ctx.accounts.candidate_account;
if clock.unix_timestamp < poll_account.start_time as i64 {
return err!(ErrorCode::PollNotStarted);
}
if clock.unix_timestamp > poll_account.end_time as i64 {
return err!(ErrorCode::PollEnded);
}
require_keys_eq!(
candidate_account.poll,
poll_account.key(),
ErrorCode::InvalidCandidateForPoll
);
candidate_account.votes += 1;
let receipt = &mut ctx.accounts.voter_receipt;
receipt.voter = ctx.accounts.signer.key();
receipt.poll = poll_account.key();
Ok(())
}
}
#[derive(Accounts)]
pub struct InitializePoll<'info> {
#[account(mut)]
pub signer: Signer<'info>,
#[account(init, payer = signer, space = 8 + PollAccount::INIT_SPACE)]
pub poll_account: Account<'info, PollAccount>,
pub system_program: Program<'info, System>,
}
#[derive(Accounts)]
pub struct AddCandidate<'info> {
#[account(mut)]
pub signer: Signer<'info>,
#[account(mut)]
pub poll_account: Account<'info, PollAccount>,
#[account(
init,
payer = signer,
space = 8 + CandidateAccount::INIT_SPACE,
// seeds 现在使用更可靠的计数器
seeds = [b"candidate", poll_account.key().as_ref(), poll_account.candidate_count.to_le_bytes().as_ref()],
bump
)]
pub candidate_account: Account<'info, CandidateAccount>,
pub system_program: Program<'info, System>,
}
#[derive(Accounts)]
pub struct Vote<'info> {
#[account(mut)]
pub signer: Signer<'info>,
#[account(mut)]
pub poll_account: Account<'info, PollAccount>,
#[account(
mut,
constraint = candidate_account.poll == poll_account.key() @ ErrorCode::InvalidCandidateForPoll
)]
pub candidate_account: Account<'info, CandidateAccount>,
#[account(
init,
payer = signer,
space = 8 + VoterReceipt::INIT_SPACE,
seeds = [b"receipt", poll_account.key().as_ref(), signer.key().as_ref()],
bump
)]
pub voter_receipt: Account<'info, VoterReceipt>,
pub system_program: Program<'info, System>,
}
#[account]
#[derive(InitSpace)]
pub struct PollAccount {
pub authority: Pubkey,
#[max_len(32)]
pub name: String,
#[max_len(280)]
pub description: String,
pub start_time: u64,
pub end_time: u64,
// 增加专门的计数器
pub candidate_count: u8,
#[max_len(15, 32)]
pub candidates: Vec<Pubkey>,
}
#[account]
#[derive(InitSpace)]
pub struct CandidateAccount {
pub poll: Pubkey,
#[max_len(32)]
pub name: String,
pub votes: u64,
}
#[account]
#[derive(InitSpace)]
pub struct VoterReceipt {
pub voter: Pubkey,
pub poll: Pubkey,
}
#[error_code]
pub enum ErrorCode {
#[msg("Poll not started yet")]
PollNotStarted,
#[msg("Poll ended")]
PollEnded,
#[msg("Unauthorized: Only the poll authority can perform this action.")]
Unauthorized,
#[msg("Maximum number of candidates reached.")]
MaxCandidatesReached,
#[msg("This candidate is not valid for this poll.")]
InvalidCandidateForPoll,
}
这段代码使用 Solana 的 Anchor 框架实现了一个功能完整的链上投票智能合约。它清晰地展示了如何定义程序逻辑、管理链上数据状态以及处理权限验证。合约的核心功能可以分解为以下几个部分：
核心功能 (Instructions)
合约定义了三个主要的公开指令（Instructions），对应用户可以执行的操作：
initialize_poll(..): 初始化投票。此函数用于创建一个新的投票活动。调用者（signer）支付交易费用，并成为该投票的管理员（authority）。函数会创建一个新的PollAccount账户，用来存储投票的名称、描述、起止时间以及管理员公钥等元数据。add_candidate(..): 添加候选人。只有投票的管理员才有权限调用此函数。它会为投票活动创建一个新的CandidateAccount账户来代表一位候选人。代码中有一个重要的安全设计：它使用一个独立的candidate_count字段来生成新候选人账户的地址（PDA），并限制最多只能添加 15 位候选人。vote(..): 投票。任何用户都可以调用此函数为特定候选人投票。合约会首先验证投票是否在有效时间范围内，然后为投票者创建一个VoterReceipt账户。这个回执账户的存在可以有效防止同一用户在同一次投票中重复投票。
链上数据结构 (Accounts)
为了支持上述功能，合约定义了三种类型的账户（Account）来存储状态：
PollAccount: 投票账户，存储单个投票活动的所有核心信息，是整个应用状态的中心。CandidateAccount: 候选人账户，存储每个候选人的姓名和得票数，并关联到特定的PollAccount。VoterReceipt: 投票回执账户，作为一个标记，记录一个用户（voter）是否已参与了某次投票（poll）。
关键设计与安全亮点
这段代码一个值得注意的实现细节是使用了 candidate_count 字段来辅助创建候选人账户。在 add_candidate 指令中，新的 CandidateAccount 是一个程序派生地址（PDA），其 seeds 包含了这个计数器。
这种设计模式比直接使用 poll_account.candidates.len()（即候选人列表的长度）作为 seed 更加安全和健壮。因为账户数据（如 Vec 的长度）在交易处理前可能被外部操纵，而使用一个在逻辑中手动递增的独立计数器，可以确保 PDA 地址的生成是确定且无法被恶意利用的，这是 Solana 开发中一个重要的安全实践。
Build 编译程序（合约）
voting on master [!?] via ⬢ v23.11.0 via 🦀 1.88.0 took 5.9s
➜ make build-one PROGRAM=voting
Building single program: [voting]...
warning: profiles for the non root package will be ignored, specify profiles at the workspace root:
package: /Users/qiaopengjun/Code/Solana/voting/voting-substreams/voting_substreams/Cargo.toml
workspace: /Users/qiaopengjun/Code/Solana/voting/Cargo.toml
Finished `release` profile [optimized] target(s) in 0.38s
warning: profiles for the non root package will be ignored, specify profiles at the workspace root:
package: /Users/qiaopengjun/Code/Solana/voting/voting-substreams/voting_substreams/Cargo.toml
workspace: /Users/qiaopengjun/Code/Solana/voting/Cargo.toml
Finished `test` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.38s
Running unittests src/lib.rs (/Users/qiaopengjun/Code/Solana/voting/target/debug/deps/voting-8013a2dc526371b8)
编写测试 voting.ts
import * as anchor from "@coral-xyz/anchor";
import { Program, BN } from "@coral-xyz/anchor";
import { Voting } from "../target/types/voting";
import { assert } from "chai";
import { LAMPORTS_PER_SOL, PublicKey } from "@solana/web3.js";
describe("voting", () => {
const provider = anchor.AnchorProvider.env();
anchor.setProvider(provider);
const program = anchor.workspace.Voting as Program<Voting>;
const pollAccount = anchor.web3.Keypair.generate();
const authority = provider.wallet as anchor.Wallet;
const voter1 = anchor.web3.Keypair.generate();
const voter2 = anchor.web3.Keypair.generate();
const unauthorizedUser = anchor.web3.Keypair.generate();
const confirmTx = async (txSignature: string) => {
const latestBlockhash = await provider.connection.getLatestBlockhash();
await provider.connection.confirmTransaction(
{ signature: txSignature, ...latestBlockhash },
"confirmed"
);
};
const airdrop = async (account: anchor.web3.Keypair) => {
const sig = await provider.connection.requestAirdrop(
account.publicKey,
2 * LAMPORTS_PER_SOL
);
await confirmTx(sig);
};
const getCandidatePda = (
pollKey: PublicKey,
index: number
): [PublicKey, number] => {
return anchor.web3.PublicKey.findProgramAddressSync(
[
Buffer.from("candidate"),
pollKey.toBuffer(),
// 关键修复：合约中的 candidate_count 是 u8 (1字节)，这里必须匹配
new BN(index).toArrayLike(Buffer, "le", 1),
],
program.programId
);
};
const getReceiptPda = (
pollKey: PublicKey,
voterKey: PublicKey
): [PublicKey, number] => {
return anchor.web3.PublicKey.findProgramAddressSync(
[Buffer.from("receipt"), pollKey.toBuffer(), voterKey.toBuffer()],
program.programId
);
};
before(async () => {
await airdrop(voter1);
await airdrop(voter2);
await airdrop(unauthorizedUser);
});
it("✅ Successfully initializes a poll", async () => {
const name = "Favorite Framework";
const description = "Which framework do you prefer?";
const startTime = new BN(Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000));
const endTime = new BN(startTime.toNumber() + 3600);
const tx = await program.methods
.initializePoll(name, description, startTime, endTime)
.accounts({
pollAccount: pollAccount.publicKey,
signer: authority.publicKey,
systemProgram: anchor.web3.SystemProgram.programId,
})
.signers([pollAccount])
.rpc();
await confirmTx(tx);
const fetchedPoll = await program.account.pollAccount.fetch(
pollAccount.publicKey
);
assert.strictEqual(fetchedPoll.name, name, "Poll name does not match");
assert.strictEqual(
fetchedPoll.authority.toBase58(),
authority.publicKey.toBase58()
);
assert.ok(fetchedPoll.startTime.eq(startTime), "Start time does not match");
assert.ok(fetchedPoll.endTime.eq(endTime), "End time does not match");
});
it("✅ Successfully adds two candidates", async () => {
const [candidatePda1] = getCandidatePda(pollAccount.publicKey, 0);
const tx1 = await program.methods
.addCandidate("React")
.accounts({
pollAccount: pollAccount.publicKey,
candidateAccount: candidatePda1,
signer: authority.publicKey,
systemProgram: anchor.web3.SystemProgram.programId,
})
.rpc();
await confirmTx(tx1);
const [candidatePda2] = getCandidatePda(pollAccount.publicKey, 1);
const tx2 = await program.methods
.addCandidate("Vue")
.accounts({
pollAccount: pollAccount.publicKey,
candidateAccount: candidatePda2,
signer: authority.publicKey,
systemProgram: anchor.web3.SystemProgram.programId,
})
.rpc();
await confirmTx(tx2);
const fetchedPoll = await program.account.pollAccount.fetch(
pollAccount.publicKey
);
assert.strictEqual(
fetchedPoll.candidates.length,
2,
"Candidate count should be 2"
);
assert.strictEqual(
fetchedPoll.candidateCount,
2,
"Candidate counter should be 2"
);
});
it("✅ Two users vote successfully", async () => {
const [candidatePda1] = getCandidatePda(pollAccount.publicKey, 0);
const [candidatePda2] = getCandidatePda(pollAccount.publicKey, 1);
const [receiptPda1] = getReceiptPda(
pollAccount.publicKey,
voter1.publicKey
);
const tx1 = await program.methods
.vote()
.accounts({
pollAccount: pollAccount.publicKey,
candidateAccount: candidatePda1,
voterReceipt: receiptPda1,
signer: voter1.publicKey,
systemProgram: anchor.web3.SystemProgram.programId,
})
.signers([voter1])
.rpc();
await confirmTx(tx1);
const [receiptPda2] = getReceiptPda(
pollAccount.publicKey,
voter2.publicKey
);
const tx2 = await program.methods
.vote()
.accounts({
pollAccount: pollAccount.publicKey,
candidateAccount: candidatePda1,
voterReceipt: receiptPda2,
signer: voter2.publicKey,
systemProgram: anchor.web3.SystemProgram.programId,
})
.signers([voter2])
.rpc();
await confirmTx(tx2);
const candidate1 = await program.account.candidateAccount.fetch(
candidatePda1
);
const candidate2 = await program.account.candidateAccount.fetch(
candidatePda2
);
assert.strictEqual(
candidate1.votes.toNumber(),
2,
"React should have 2 votes"
);
assert.strictEqual(
candidate2.votes.toNumber(),
0,
"Vue should have 0 votes"
);
});
it("❌ Fails to vote twice (expected failure)", async () => {
try {
const [candidatePda1] = getCandidatePda(pollAccount.publicKey, 0);
const [receiptPda1] = getReceiptPda(
pollAccount.publicKey,
voter1.publicKey
);
await program.methods
.vote()
.accounts({
pollAccount: pollAccount.publicKey,
candidateAccount: candidatePda1,
voterReceipt: receiptPda1,
signer: voter1.publicKey,
systemProgram: anchor.web3.SystemProgram.programId,
})
.signers([voter1])
.rpc();
assert.fail("Double voting should have failed but succeeded");
} catch (err) {
assert.include(
err.toString(),
"already in use",
"Expected error for already initialized account"
);
}
});
it("❌ Unauthorized user fails to add candidate (expected failure)", async () => {
try {
const [candidatePda] = getCandidatePda(pollAccount.publicKey, 2);
await program.methods
.addCandidate("Svelte")
.accounts({
pollAccount: pollAccount.publicKey,
candidateAccount: candidatePda,
signer: unauthorizedUser.publicKey,
systemProgram: anchor.web3.SystemProgram.programId,
})
.signers([unauthorizedUser])
.rpc();
assert.fail("Unauthorized candidate addition should have failed");
} catch (err) {
assert.equal(err.error.errorCode.code, "Unauthorized");
}
});
it("❌ Fails to vote before poll starts (expected failure)", async () => {
const futurePoll = anchor.web3.Keypair.generate();
const startTime = new BN(Date.now() / 1000 + 3600);
const endTime = new BN(startTime.toNumber() + 3600);
const tx1 = await program.methods
.initializePoll("Future", "", startTime, endTime)
.accounts({
pollAccount: futurePoll.publicKey,
signer: authority.publicKey,
systemProgram: anchor.web3.SystemProgram.programId,
})
.signers([futurePoll])
.rpc();
await confirmTx(tx1);
const [candidatePda] = getCandidatePda(futurePoll.publicKey, 0);
const tx2 = await program.methods
.addCandidate("Future Cand")
.accounts({
pollAccount: futurePoll.publicKey,
candidateAccount: candidatePda,
signer: authority.publicKey,
systemProgram: anchor.web3.SystemProgram.programId,
})
.rpc();
await confirmTx(tx2);
try {
const [receiptPda] = getReceiptPda(
futurePoll.publicKey,
voter1.publicKey
);
await program.methods
.vote()
.accounts({
pollAccount: futurePoll.publicKey,
candidateAccount: candidatePda,
voterReceipt: receiptPda,
signer: voter1.publicKey,
systemProgram: anchor.web3.SystemProgram.programId,
})
.signers([voter1])
.rpc();
assert.fail("Voting before poll start should have failed");
} catch (err) {
assert.equal(err.error.errorCode.code, "PollNotStarted");
}
});
it("❌ Fails to vote after poll ends (expected failure)", async () => {
const pastPoll = anchor.web3.Keypair.generate();
const startTime = new BN(Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000) - 7200);
const endTime = new BN(Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000) - 3600);
const tx1 = await program.methods
.initializePoll("Past", "", startTime, endTime)
.accounts({
pollAccount: pastPoll.publicKey,
signer: authority.publicKey,
systemProgram: anchor.web3.SystemProgram.programId,
})
.signers([pastPoll])
.rpc();
await confirmTx(tx1);
const [candidatePda] = getCandidatePda(pastPoll.publicKey, 0);
const tx2 = await program.methods
.addCandidate("Past Cand")
.accounts({
pollAccount: pastPoll.publicKey,
candidateAccount: candidatePda,
signer: authority.publicKey,
systemProgram: anchor.web3.SystemProgram.programId,
})
.rpc();
await confirmTx(tx2);
try {
const [receiptPda] = getReceiptPda(pastPoll.publicKey, voter1.publicKey);
await program.methods
.vote()
.accounts({
pollAccount: pastPoll.publicKey,
candidateAccount: candidatePda,
voterReceipt: receiptPda,
signer: voter1.publicKey,
systemProgram: anchor.web3.SystemProgram.programId,
})
.signers([voter1])
.rpc();
assert.fail("Voting after poll end should have failed");
} catch (err) {
assert.equal(err.error.errorCode.code, "PollEnded");
}
});
it("❌ Fails to add more than 15 candidates (expected failure)", async () => {
for (let i = 2; i < 15; i++) {
const [candidatePda] = getCandidatePda(pollAccount.publicKey, i);
const tx = await program.methods
.addCandidate(`Cand ${i}`)
.accounts({
pollAccount: pollAccount.publicKey,
candidateAccount: candidatePda,
signer: authority.publicKey,
systemProgram: anchor.web3.SystemProgram.programId,
})
.rpc();
await confirmTx(tx);
}
try {
const [candidatePda] = getCandidatePda(pollAccount.publicKey, 15);
await program.methods
.addCandidate("Cand 15")
.accounts({
pollAccount: pollAccount.publicKey,
candidateAccount: candidatePda,
signer: authority.publicKey,
systemProgram: anchor.web3.SystemProgram.programId,
})
.rpc();
assert.fail("Adding more than 15 candidates should have failed");
} catch (err) {
assert.equal(err.error.errorCode.code, "MaxCandidatesReached");
}
});
});
这段代码是一个使用 Anchor 框架和 TypeScript 编写的综合性测试套件，旨在全面验证 voting 智能合约的正确性、安全性和健壮性。
它通过模拟真实世界中的各种交互场景，系统性地覆盖了合约的**“正常路径”和“异常路径”**：
- 正常流程测试 (✅): 验证核心功能是否按预期工作，例如成功初始化投票、由管理员添加候选人、以及用户正常投票并使票数正确增加。
- 异常与边界条件测试 (❌): 这是确保合约安全的关键。测试脚本故意尝试了多种会失败的操作，以确保合约的约束条件有效。这包括：
- 防止同一用户重复投票。
- 阻止未经授权的用户添加候选人。
- 禁止在投票开始前或结束后进行投票。
- 确保无法添加超过数量上限（15个）的候选人。
通过这种方式，该测试确保了合约不仅能在理想情况下运行，还能在面对错误操作或恶意攻击时表现出预期的、安全可靠的行为。
测试程序（合约）
voting on master [!?] via ⬢ v23.11.0 via 🦀 1.88.0
➜ make test-program PROGRAM=voting
Testing program [voting]...
warning: profiles for the non root package will be ignored, specify profiles at the workspace root:
package: /Users/qiaopengjun/Code/Solana/voting/voting-substreams/voting_substreams/Cargo.toml
workspace: /Users/qiaopengjun/Code/Solana/voting/Cargo.toml
Finished `release` profile [optimized] target(s) in 0.45s
warning: profiles for the non root package will be ignored, specify profiles at the workspace root:
package: /Users/qiaopengjun/Code/Solana/voting/voting-substreams/voting_substreams/Cargo.toml
workspace: /Users/qiaopengjun/Code/Solana/voting/Cargo.toml
Finished `test` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.47s
Running unittests src/lib.rs (/Users/qiaopengjun/Code/Solana/voting/target/debug/deps/voting-8013a2dc526371b8)
Running tests of program `voting`!
Running test suite: "/Users/qiaopengjun/Code/Solana/voting/Anchor.toml"
(node:89327) ExperimentalWarning: Type Stripping is an experimental feature and might change at any time
(Use `node --trace-warnings ...` to show where the warning was created)
voting
✔ ✅ Successfully initializes a poll (487ms)
✔ ✅ Successfully adds two candidates (980ms)
✔ ✅ Two users vote successfully (942ms)
✔ ❌ Fails to vote twice (expected failure)
✔ ❌ Unauthorized user fails to add candidate (expected failure)
✔ ❌ Fails to vote before poll starts (expected failure) (928ms)
✔ ❌ Fails to vote after poll ends (expected failure) (932ms)
✔ ❌ Fails to add more than 15 candidates (expected failure) (6211ms)
8 passing (12s)
[mochawesome] Report JSON saved to /Users/qiaopengjun/Code/Solana/voting/mochawesome-report/mochawesome.json
[mochawesome] Report HTML saved to /Users/qiaopengjun/Code/Solana/voting/mochawesome-report/mochawesome.html
重置并同步投票合约 Program ID
voting on master [?] via ⬢ v23.11.0 via 🦀 1.88.0 took 32.0s
➜ rm target/deploy/voting-keypair.json
voting on master [?] via ⬢ v23.11.0 via 🦀 1.88.0 took 1m 5.9s
➜ anchor keys sync
Found incorrect program id declaration in "/Users/qiaopengjun/Code/Solana/voting/programs/voting/src/lib.rs"
Updated to Doo2arLUifZbfqGVS5Uh7nexAMmsMzaQH5zcwZhSoijz
Found incorrect program id declaration in Anchor.toml for the program `voting`
Updated to Doo2arLUifZbfqGVS5Uh7nexAMmsMzaQH5zcwZhSoijz
All program id declarations are synced.
Please rebuild the program to update the generated artifacts.
部署程序（合约）
voting on master [?] via ⬢ v23.11.0 via 🦀 1.88.0
➜ make build-one PROGRAM=voting
Building single program: [voting]...
Compiling voting v0.1.0 (/Users/qiaopengjun/Code/Solana/voting/programs/voting)
Finished `release` profile [optimized] target(s) in 2.20s
Compiling voting v0.1.0 (/Users/qiaopengjun/Code/Solana/voting/programs/voting)
Finished `test` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 1.25s
Running unittests src/lib.rs (/Users/qiaopengjun/Code/Solana/voting/target/debug/deps/voting-8013a2dc526371b8)
voting on master [?] via ⬢ v23.11.0 via 🦀 1.88.0 took 4.9s
➜ make deploy CLUSTER=devnet PROGRAM=voting
Building all programs: voting]...
Finished `release` profile [optimized] target(s) in 0.32s
Finished `test` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.35s
Running unittests src/lib.rs (/Users/qiaopengjun/Code/Solana/voting/target/debug/deps/voting-8013a2dc526371b8)
Deploying program [voting] to cluster: devnet...
Deploying cluster: https://devnet.helius-rpc.com/?api-key=a08565ed-9671-4cb4-8568-a014f810bfb2
Upgrade authority: /Users/qiaopengjun/.config/solana/id.json
Deploying program "voting"...
Program path: /Users/qiaopengjun/Code/Solana/voting/target/deploy/voting.so...
Program Id: Doo2arLUifZbfqGVS5Uh7nexAMmsMzaQH5zcwZhSoijz
Signature: f6YqqZ4qgd7VMhkP1VxCNxChRNKXjUaQgrNMG5Vju3Ko38WW2jsVCb4CRUZcX9DCTyXFiYv7pEuMFB86WgRkChM
Deploy success
Anchor IDL 初始化：将合约接口发布到链
voting on master [?] via ⬢ v23.11.0 via 🦀 1.88.0 took 24.8s
➜ make idl-init CLUSTER=devnet PROGRAM=voting PROGRAM_ID=Doo2arLUifZbfqGVS5Uh7nexAMmsMzaQH5zcwZhSoijz
Initializing IDL for program [voting] with ID [Doo2arLUifZbfqGVS5Uh7nexAMmsMzaQH5zcwZhSoijz] on cluster: devnet...
Idl data length: 834 bytes
Step 0/834
Step 600/834
Idl account created: 2iKdnacc51zj5j3iQTRNiYPYB1tvuM6HBzQWr9h1akAm
归档并保存 Anchor 程序的 IDL 文件到本地
voting on master [?] via ⬢ v23.11.0 via 🦀 1.88.0 took 17.8s
➜ make archive-idl PROGRAM=voting
Building all programs: voting]...
Finished `release` profile [optimized] target(s) in 0.36s
Finished `test` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.36s
Running unittests src/lib.rs (/Users/qiaopengjun/Code/Solana/voting/target/debug/deps/voting-8013a2dc526371b8)
Archiving IDL for [voting]...
IDL for voting successfully archived to idls/voting/voting-2025-07-18-093219.json
这段操作的作用是将当前 Anchor 程序的 IDL 文件归档保存到本地，并按时间戳进行版本管理。
说明
- 该命令会将
target/idl/$(PROGRAM).json文件复制到idls/$(PROGRAM)/目录下，并以时间戳命名，便于历史版本管理和回溯。 - 适用于需要保存每次构建生成的 IDL 文件，方便后续查阅或回滚。
查看合约
总结
恭喜你！跟随本教程，我们已经成功地从一个空目录开始，完整地实现、测试并部署了一个功能齐全的 Solana 链上投票应用。我们不仅学习了 Anchor 框架从初始化、编码、测试到部署的完整工作流，更深入探讨了像程序派生地址（PDA）的安全使用、编写覆盖多种边界条件的测试用例等关键的实战技巧。
这整个过程清晰地展示了现代 Solana DApp 开发的标准化路径，证明了只要跟随正确的步骤，构建一个安全、健壮的链上应用并非遥不可及。
希望这次实战能为你打开 Solana 开发的大门。现在，你可以尝试基于这个项目进行扩展，比如增加计费功能、设置更复杂的投票规则，或者深入研究文末的参考资料，继续你的 Web3 探索之旅！
参考
- https://docs.substreams.dev/reference-material/substreams-cli/installing-the-cli
- https://github.com/streamingfast/substreams-starter
- https://docs.substreams.dev/tutorials/intro-to-tutorials/on-solana/solana
- https://thegraph.com/docs/en/substreams/quick-start/
- https://github.com/enoldev/solana-voting-app-sps/tree/main
- https://docs.substreams.dev/how-to-guides/sinks/sql
- https://github.com/streamingfast/substreams-sink-sql
- https://buf.build/product/cli
- https://solscan.io/account/Doo2arLUifZbfqGVS5Uh7nexAMmsMzaQH5zcwZhSoijz?cluster=devnet